Missing pieces to modeling the Arctic-Boreal puzzle

Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle

stimulate the migration and maturation of lymphocytes. Furthermore, NF-␬B is central for the overall immune response through its ability to activate genes coding for and cyclin D1, that are critical for apoptotic processes (Karin and Lin, 2002). regulation is the I␬B kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered intriguing and outstanding questions that a...

1918 Influenza, a Puzzle with Missing Pieces

hanks and Brundage offer thought-provoking hypotheses about infl uenza pathogenesis during the catastrophic 1918–1919 pandemic (1). Although we neither agree nor disagree with their views, its central hypothesis of T-cell–mediated immunopathogenesis begs examination of past events in light of modern immunologic and virologic understanding. We also emphasize that effects of the pandemic virus sh...

Leptin and transplantation: pieces are still missing in the puzzle.

Searching for missing pieces of the sex-determination puzzle.

Little is known of the mechanisms whereby the mammalian indifferent gonad develops into a testis or ovary. In XY individuals, Sry, the mammalian testis-determining gene, is expressed in the pre-Sertoli cells, which then differentiate into Sertoli cells. Other cell types, which include the germ cells, the steroidogenic cells and the connective tissue cells, must then be instructed to develop in ...

Security in Untrusted Code Environments: Missing Pieces of the Puzzle

Security enforcement mechanisms for controlling the execution of untrusted component code have evolved away from the strict sandbox confinement toward more flexible code access security. Although the added flexibility has enabled richer functionality and support for more fine-grained policies, component-based security architectures such as Java and .NET still fail to provide several essential f...